Education
教育
Learning difficulties
享受挫折
Making something hard to read means it is more likely to be remembered
使某些东西不容易读意味着它更容易被记住
Oct 14th 2010

A PARADOX of education is that presenting information in a way that looks easy to learn often has the opposite effect. Numerous studies have demonstrated that when people are forced to think hard about what they are shown they remember it better, so it is worth looking at ways this can be done. And a piece of research about to be published in Cognition, by Daniel Oppenheimer, a psychologist at Princeton University, and his colleagues, suggests a simple one: make the text conveying the information harder to read.

教育的悖论在于以一种看似易学的方式呈现信息却常常适得其反,传奇私服服务端。大量研究表明，当人们被迫回想那些呈现给他们的知识时，他们就记的更好，因此以这样的方式看待问题是有意义的。普林斯顿大学的心理学家DO和他的同事们将要发表的一项研究给出了一个简单的建议：将传递信息的文本搞的更难读些。

Dr Oppenheimer recruited 28 volunteers aged between 18 and 40 and asked them to learn, from written descriptions, about three “species” of extraterrestrial alien, each of which had seven features. This task was meant to be similar to learning about animal species in a biology lesson. It used aliens in place of actual species to be certain that the participants could not draw on prior knowledge.

DO征募了28位年龄在18~40岁之间的志愿者，并让他们通过文字说明来学习三个来自地球之外的物种，而每一个物种都有7个特征。这项任务意味着与在生物课上学习动物物种差不多。该项实验选用外来的物种代替地球上真实存在的物种是为了确保被试不能调用已有知识。
Half of the volunteers were presented with the information in difficult-to-read fonts (12-point Comic Sans MS 75% greyscale and 12-point Bodoni MT 75% greyscale). The other half saw it in 16-point Arial pure-black font, which tests have shown is one of the easiest to read.

（其中）一半志愿者使用不容易阅读的字体（12级字号的75%灰度的微软似手写字体和75%灰度的罗马字体）。另一半使用16级字号的阿拉伯纯黑字体，这种字体经测试是最容易阅读的字体之一。

Participants were given 90 seconds to memorise the information in the lists. They were then distracted with unrelated tasks for a quarter of an hour or so, before being asked questions about the aliens, such as “What is the diet of the Pangerish?” and “What colour eyes does the Norgletti have?” The upshot was that those reading the Arial font got the answers right 72.8% of the time, on average. Those forced to read the more difficult fonts answered correctly 86.5% of the time.

被试们都有90秒钟的时间记忆清单上的信息，之后会被不相关的任务扰乱大约一个小时左右，然后才会被问及有关外来物种的问题，如“P以什么为食？”，“N的眼睛是什么颜色？”,1.76传奇sf发布网。结果表明那些当时使用阿拉伯字体阅读的被试们破天一剑sf的平均正确率为72.8%,传世sf。而那些当时被迫使用更难一些字体的被试们的正确率是86.5%。

The question was, would this result translate from the controlled circumstances of the laboratory to the unruly environment of the classroom? It did. When the researchers asked teachers to use the technique in high-school lessons on chemistry,合击, physics, English and history, they got similar results. The lesson, then, is to make text books harder to read, not easier.

问题是,30ok.com，这些来自存在条件控制的实验室的结果是否适用于不存在条件控制的教室呢？答案是肯定的。当研究人员让高中教师们在化学、物理、英语和历史课上使用这些技术后，得到了类似的结果。那么，我们应将课本变得更难读，而不是更轻松。